In the source code on the previous slide:
\documentclass{article} defines the document type, which is an article in this case (can also be book, report, etc.).
article is a required argument to the command \documentclass{}.\LaTeX), while others may also accept optional arguments, too. Example: \documentclass[12pt]{article} will set the font size of the entire document to $12$ points.% (percentage sign) before it.
\documentclass[12pt]{article} % An article with a font size of 12 points.
\begin{} and \end{} are called an environment, which is type of scope in your code. Specifically, \begin{document} and \end{document} define the document scope: everything between these two will be output to the PDF document.