Memory

Other memory concepts are:

• Cache is a small, high-speed memory located close to the CPU that stores frequently accessed data and instructions. It reduces the time the CPU takes to retrieve data from slower main memory. Modern processors have multiple levels of cache (L1, L2, L3), where L1 is the smallest and fastest, and L3 is larger but slower. Cache is critical for improving performance in applications in which the same data is accessed repeatedly.
• DRAM (Dynamic Random-Access Memory) is a type of volatile (= erasable) memory used as the main memory in computers. It must be periodically fed with electricity to maintain the data inside it. DRAM is slower but less expensive than SRAM, making it suitable for large memory capacities required for running applications and the operating system.
• SRAM (Static Random-Access Memory) is a faster and more reliable type of volatile memory that does not require electric recharges since it uses flip-flops to store data. However, it is more expensive and larger per bit compared to DRAM. SRAM is commonly used in CPU caches and other small, high-speed applications where performance is critical.
• ROM (Read-Only Memory) is non-volatile memory that is typically used to store firmware or system-level code that does not change, such as the computer's BIOS or embedded system instructions, written into the ROM chip during manufacturing. ROM ensures the system can boot and function even without access to other storage.