Operating System Structures

4. Moduled Structure: A moduled OS is similar to a layered operating system in terms of the distribution of duties among the layers. However, the advantage of the moduled OS is that each module is capable of contacting any other module, without going through several layers of modules.

   This construction of this kind of OS uses object-oriented approaches.

   The kernel in this type of architecture is similar in size to a microkernel.

5. Hybrid Structure: Today, most operating systems use a mixture of the approaches mentioned so far. For example, Windows is monolithic + microkernel, while Linux is monolithic + modular.